Introduction
Ethyl Valerate is an ester formed from valeric (pentanoic) acid and ethanol. It is a naturally occurring volatile compound found in a variety of fruits and fermented products, including apples, strawberries, guava, melon, wine, and rum, which underpins its value in creating authentic natural flavor profiles.
Beyond its traditional role in sensory applications, recent scientific research has highlighted its potential in sustainable chemistry. As a valeric biofuel, Ethyl Valerate exhibits favorable combustion properties, making it a candidate as a gasoline additive or alternative for spark-ignition engines.
Biochemical & Physical Parameters
| Parameter | Value / Description | Reference / Note |
|---|---|---|
| Boiling Point | 144 - 145.9 °C | - |
| Melting Point | -91 to -90 °C | - |
| Density | 0.875 - 0.882 g/cm³ at 20°C | - |
| Refractive Index (n20/D) | 1.399 - 1.401 | - |
| Flash Point | 38 - 38.9 °C (closed cup) | Classified as a flammable liquid (GHS02). |
| Water Solubility | Slightly soluble (~0.9 g/L at 20°C). Miscible with ethanol and most organic solvents. | - |
| Log KOW (Octanol-Water Partition Coeff.) | 2.26 - 2.34 | Indicates moderate lipophilicity. |
| Vapor Pressure | ~3.48 mm Hg at 20°C | - |
| Functional Group | Ester (-COO-) | Defines its chemical reactivity and aroma. |
| Structure | CH₃(CH₂)₃COOCH₂CH₃ | A five-carbon valerate chain linked to a two-carbon ethanol group. |
| Storage Conditions | Store in a tightly sealed container in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat, sparks, and open flame. Keep away from strong oxidizers and acids. | Store at room temperature or below. |
Mechanism of Action
Ethyl Valerate functions through distinct mechanisms depending on its application:
- In Flavors & Fragrances: The primary mechanism is olfactory perception. Its volatile molecules interact with olfactory receptors in the nose, triggering a sensory signal interpreted as a sweet, fruity, apple-like scent. Its occurrence in natural foods like apples and strawberries makes it crucial for creating authentic, natural flavor profiles.
- As a Fuel Additive: In combustion chemistry, Ethyl Valerate acts as an oxygenated hydrocarbon fuel. Its ester structure contains oxygen within the molecule, which can promote more complete combustion compared to pure hydrocarbons. Research shows its decomposition during pyrolysis and combustion follows complex pathways involving intramolecular elimination and H-abstraction reactions, ultimately yielding energy while generating typical combustion products.
Key Benefits and Advantages
Primary Applications
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Comparison: Ethyl Valerate vs. Methyl Valerate
Both are esters of valeric acid used in flavors and as biofuels. Key differences include:
- Molecular Structure: Ethyl Valerate has an ethyl group (-CH₂CH₃), while Methyl Valerate has a methyl group (-CH₃) attached to the ester oxygen.
- Combustion Properties: Research indicates Ethyl Valerate may offer advantages in volumetric energy content compared to Methyl Valerate when used as a spark-ignition engine fuel.
- Sensory Profile: They have distinct but similar fruity odors, with the ethyl ester often considered to have a slightly more rounded, fruity character.
FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What does Ethyl Valerate smell like?
A: It has a strong, characteristic fruity odor, most commonly described as reminiscent of apples, strawberries, or a general fruity brandy note.
Q: What is the chemical structure and functional group of Ethyl Valerate?
A: Its chemical formula is CH₃(CH₂)₃COOCH₂CH₃. The key functional group is the ester group (-COO-), which is responsible for its typical sweet, fruity odor and its chemical reactivity.
Q: Is Ethyl Valerate safe for use in food and cosmetics?
A: When used in accordance with good manufacturing practices and within established guidelines, it is considered safe. It is approved as a food flavoring agent in many regions (e.g., China's GB 2760). A 2024 safety assessment by the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM) concluded that the existing information supports its use as a fragrance ingredient.
Q: How should Ethyl Valerate be stored and handled?
A: It is a flammable liquid and should be stored in a cool, well-ventilated place away from ignition sources and incompatible materials like strong oxidizers. Containers must be tightly sealed. Use personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety glasses when handling.
Q: What is the difference between Ethyl Valerate and Ethyl Pentanoate?
A: They are two names for the exact same chemical compound (CAS 539-82-2). "Valerate" comes from the common name of the acid (valeric acid), while "pentanoate" is derived from its IUPAC name (pentanoic acid).
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